G

:'''gaku- 学''':[JA]] ''knowledge, learning'' This term is essential for understanding the various terms used for our educational works in Japan. The romanised form and the Chinese ideograph are used here as part of the explanation. If we add -en (or -in), meaning essentially a garden or pretty place, but then a building, we get gakuin 学院 or school, hence Salesio gakuin, Salesian school. ''kyu-gaku'' 共学 is together-learn, or co-education. ''shugaku'' would be primary school (school for small ones). ''kutugaku'' is Senior High, a three year course. ''senmon gaku'' (from ''senmon'', special) is a Vocational College. ''Daigaku'' (''dai'', big) is university and ''daigakuin'' a postgraduate course :'''Generala''':''The Generala'' Correctional institute mainly for juveniles located towards Stupagini outside of Turin, in Don Bosco's time. Loitering, vagrancy and begging accounted for over 50% of the cases referred to the Generala. On the whole, it could be said that in the 1840's Turin was a city of 'poor and abandoned' rather than criminal juveniles :'''geniale''':''brilliant, gifted, clever'' Beware: a typical 'false friend' difficulty - often glossed as genial which has another meaning altogether! :'''GEX (Giovanni Exallievi)''':''GEX (Young Past Pupils)'' Has been adopted in Europe at least and in Latin America, simply as GEX :'''giaculatoria''':''invocation'' :'''giardino di ricreazione''':''recreation park'' Don Bosco employed this term occasionally for public authorities when describing the playground at the Oratory. It was a term in current use for playgrounds at the time but represented a different concept - a small space usually, where youngsters stood around in small groups playing relatively non-physical games under a teacher's supervision :'''ginnasio''':''secondary high school'' In the Casati school reform (1859) the five-year course of secondary studies was called ginnasio. In time the term came to designate middle school. Nowadays it is less in use. Divided into a lower section of three years and an upper section of two years, ending with a comprehensive examination and diploma (licenza). Note: licenza here not to be confused with the licenza or masters degree from UPS :'''gioia''':''joy'' Not to be confused with happiness or with pleasure :'''Giona''':''The name given by DB in MO to Jacob Levi, a Jewish student friend'' After his baptism at Chieri 10th August 1834, he altered his name and surname to Luigi Bolmida (surname from his godfather) :'''giorno della comunità''':''community day'' Established as a regular weekly practice in Salesian communities. From GC23 onwards :'''Giovane Provveduto''':''The Companion of Youth'' The English gloss is now standard, but it does not exactly translate the Italian title. The Italian title is much longer, as was the custom in those days to provide a title which described the contents more fully. Authored by Don Bosco. 1st edition 1847, and the final edition in his lifetime was in 1885. There were more than a million copies produced over that period. It is probably less well-known that Don Bosco also wrote a similar work for girls (''La Figlia Cristiana Provveduta''), that did not have quite the same success :'''giovanetto''':''youth, young boy'' A range of terms seem interchangeable: ''fanciullini'', ''fanciulli'', ''giovani'', ''giovanetti'', ''giovinetti'', ''giovanotto'', or in Latin, ''adolescentes'', ''adolescentuli'', ''Iuvenes'' :'''giovani''':''young people'' For DB the term had a male only reference. But depending on the context it was a term that might have much more attached to it. An example comes from the famous saying "Ho promesso a Dio che fin l'ultimo mio respiro sarebbe stato per i miei poveri giovani" (I have promised God that I will be for my poor boys until my last breath) :'''giovani a rischio''':''young people at risk'' People who, because of family and social culture to which they belong, or personal conditions in life, relationships with peers and difficulties with various reference institutions (school, services, public safety), present the high probability of being outside channels of instruction and formation and possibility of employment, and so risk social exclusion and marginalisation :'''giovani di strada''':''street children, street kids'' :'''Giovanni''':''John'' John Bosco's baptismal name. He would often use a variant, ''Gioanni'' :'''gioventù''':''youth'' The collective term :'''giunta''':''committee'' Best not translated with 'junta' which sounds too military! The term is used by the Past Pupils association for their executive committee. :'''globale''':''overall, global'' In general avoid glossing with ''global'' unless it is clear that this is the better choice :'''globalizzazione''':''globalisation'' (US with a 'z') When both ''globalizzazione'' and ''mondializzazione'' appear together in our texts (e.g. ACG 387 p. 15) we have to assume they are synonyms but distinguishable. There are attempts to distinguish the two concepts such that ''mondializzazione'' emphasizes the existence of the nation-state and its need to have arrangements with other nation-states. The existence of the UNO then becomes an example of ''mondializzazione''. ''Globalizzazione'' appears to have a more negative feel about it involving the worst aspects of economy, internet and communications, language etc :'''governo''':''governance'' In Don Bosco's time it was more likely to be a description of the actions involved in 'governing' a religious community, terms such as ''comando'', ''dirigere'', ''giudicare'', even ''correggere''. The language today is very much that of the service of authority :'''Grignolino''':''A grape variety (name of wine) typical of the Monferrato region around Don Bosco's home town of Castelnuovo'' :'''gruppo di ispettorie''':''group of provinces'' The term is technical and distinguished from a provincial conference. The classic concept of a 'group' in this sense is that group of provinces which forms a region. In the EAO region, for example, there are widely disparate provinces in terms of culture and geography :'''gruppi''':''groups'' :'''guai''':''disorders'' The term is found in the BM and MO. Note that ''disordini'' is ''abuses'', not ''disorders'' :'''guida della comunità''':''community guide'' The term refers especially to the rethinking of the role of the rector in the post-Vatican II community as pastor and guide, part of his service of authority(:nl:)